• Anti-inflammatory Effects of Fermented Mulberry Fruit on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Cells
    Sungsun Kim, Sa‐Haeng Kang, Ju-Ryoun So, Hoonsung Choi, Jeong‐Hyang Park, Dong‐Keun Kim, Ji Hae Lee, Yeong Hee Cho, Jong‐Sik Jin
    The fruit of Morus alba L. is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; however, the biological effects of its … + READ MORE
    The fruit of Morus alba L. is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; however, the biological effects of its fermented extract have not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the effects of fermentation on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of mulberry fruit extract (ME). Mulberry fruit was fermented using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP), Lacticaseibacillus casei (LC), and Bifidobacterium bifidum (BB), and the resulting fermented extract (MFE) was compared with non-fermented extract. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and neither ME nor MFE exhibited cytotoxicity. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, in which MFE showed higher antioxidant capacity than ME. To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity, nitric oxide (NO) production was measured in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. MFE significantly and dose-dependently suppressed NO production compared with ME. These results indicate that fermentation enhances the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of mulberry fruit extract and suggests its potential as a value-added functional plant resource. - COLLAPSE
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    1 June 2026
  • Dual Anti-Neuroinflammatory and Neuroprotective Actions of a Wild-Simulated Ginseng Aerial-Underground Blend in SIM-A9 Microglia and SH-SY5Y Neurons
    Hyeok Jin Choi, Yurry Um, Jeong Won Choi, So Jung Park, Gyeong Eun Im, Yeong-Bae Yun, Sang Hun Lee, Jin Boo Jeong
    Wild-simulated ginseng contains tissue-dependent ginsenosides, but defined-ratio blends of aerial and underground parts have rarely been evaluated for both anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective … + READ MORE
    Wild-simulated ginseng contains tissue-dependent ginsenosides, but defined-ratio blends of aerial and underground parts have rarely been evaluated for both anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Here, a 1:1 (w/w) blend of aerial (WSGL) and underground (WSGR) extracts, termed WSGLR, was prepared and tested in microglial and neuronal cell models. Ginsenoside profiling showed distinct part-specific compositions, suggesting complementary phytochemical properties. In SIM-A9 microglia, WSGLR was selected through comparative screening and significantly reduced LPS-induced NO production and iNOS expression without cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, WSGLR suppressed p38/JNK MAPK and NF-κB p65 activation, while ERK1/2 remained unaffected. WSGLR also promoted nuclear Nrf2 accumulation and HO-1 expression, and inhibition of HO-1 largely reversed its NO-suppressive effect. In addition, WSGLR induced early PI3K phosphorylation, and PI3K inhibition attenuated Nrf2 nuclear translocation and HO-1 upregulation, indicating that PI3K acts upstream of Nrf2/HO-1 activation. In SH-SY5Y cells, WSGLR protected against Aβ25-35-induced toxicity by improving viability, reducing LDH release and ROS generation, and normalizing apoptosis-related proteins. These findings indicate that WSGLR exerts dual anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects through suppression of p38/JNK–NF-κB signaling and activation of PI3K-dependent Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. - COLLAPSE
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    1 June 2026
  • Anti-neuroinflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of 11S, 17S-DiHDHA in SIM-A9 and SH-SY5Y Cells
    Jin Boo Jeong
    This study investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of 11S,17S-DiHDHA in SIM-A9 and SH-SY5Y cells. 11S,17 … + READ MORE
    This study investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of 11S,17S-DiHDHA in SIM-A9 and SH-SY5Y cells. 11S,17S-DiHDHA suppressed NO production by downregulating iNOS expression and inhibited the LPS-induced activation of p38, JNK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. It activated the PI3K/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, which was essential for NO inhibition, as demonstrated by Nrf2 knockdown and HO-1 inhibition assays. In SH-SY5Y cells, 11S,17S-DiHDHA effectively mitigated Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and ROS accumulation. Specifically, it preserved cell viability, reduced LDH release, and attenuated the dysregulation of apoptosis-related proteins by suppressing Bax expression and restoring Bcl-2 levels. Additionally, 11S,17S-DiHDHA significantly inhibited Aβ25-35-induced ROS generation, suggesting its potential role in oxidative stress mitigation. These findings indicate that 11S,17S-DiHDHA exerts its neuroprotective effects through the activation of the PI3K/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibition of MAPK/NF-κB signaling. Collectively, our results suggest that 11S,17S-DiHDHA may serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases by modulating neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. - COLLAPSE
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    1 June 2026
  • In vitro Callus Induction from Root Tip and Bulb Meristem Explants of Two Ornamental Allium Species Native to Korea
    Jeong Min Kim, Chung Hwa Park, Ji Young Jung, Chung Ho Ko, Bo-Kook Jang
    Successful in vitro micropropagation of two ornamental Allium species native to Korea, A. dumebuchum H.J.Choi and A. thunbergii G.Don, depends on establishing … + READ MORE
    Successful in vitro micropropagation of two ornamental Allium species native to Korea, A. dumebuchum H.J.Choi and A. thunbergii G.Don, depends on establishing suitable culture conditions for callus induction. However, the types and concentrations of plant growth regulator (PGR) required for callus induction in ornamental Allium species remain poorly understood. In this study, bulb meristems and seed-derived root tip explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 ㎎·L-1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), or thidiazuron (TDZ) to determine species- and explant-specific requirements for callus induction in A. dumebuchum and A. thunbergii. Callus induction and root regeneration were evaluated after 3 months of culture. In both species, callus was successfully induced from root tip explants, whereas bulb meristem cultures showed signs of contamination. In A. dumebuchum, the highest callus induction frequencies were observed in root tip and bulb meristem explants cultured on 1.0 ㎎·L-1 NAA (90.0%) and 0.1–1.0 ㎎·L-1 BAP (100.0%), respectively. In A. thunbergii, root tip explants cultured on 0.1 ㎎·L-1 2,4-D showed the highest callus induction frequency (100.0%), whereas bulb meristem explants formed callus only on media supplemented with 0.5 ㎎·L-1 BAP or 0.5–1.0 ㎎·L-1 TDZ. These results suggest that seed-derived root tip explants are a more practical starting material for aseptic callus culture establishment in both species under the present culture conditions. The most effective PGR treatment for root tip-derived callus induction differed between the two species: 1.0 ㎎·L-1 NAA for A. dumebuchum and 0.1 ㎎·L-1 2,4-D for A. thunbergii. - COLLAPSE
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    1 June 2026
  • Effects of Different Shading Levels on Growth and Physiological Responses of Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz. Seedlings
    Ji Seon Lee, Eun-Young Yim
    This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different shading levels on the survival, growth, and physiological responses of Neolitsea sericea … + READ MORE
    This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different shading levels on the survival, growth, and physiological responses of Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz. seedlings and to identify suitable shading conditions during the early growth stage. Seedlings were subjected to four shading treatments (0%, 35%, 55%, and 75%), and survival rate, seedling height, root-collar diameter, root-to-shoot ratio (R/S ratio), SPAD value, and photosynthetic pigment contents were measured. Survival in the 0% shading treatment was extremely low (2.8%), whereas high survival was generally maintained under the shaded treatments. At the final measurement, seedling height and root-collar diameter were greatest under 35% shading, while the R/S ratio was highest under 55% shading, and SPAD values and photosynthetic pigment contents were highest under 75% shading. These results suggest that shading is required during the early growth stage of N. sericea seedlings, and that 35% shading may be a favorable shading level for survival and early shoot growth under the present experimental conditions. These findings provide basic information for determining suitable shading levels in nursery production and propagation of N. sericea seedlings. - COLLAPSE
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    1 June 2026
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