• Research Article

    Optimization of Adzuki bean-Sorghum-Italian Millet Blends for Cooked Rice Using Mixture Design and Evaluation of their Functional Properties

    혼합물 설계를 이용한 팥, 조, 수수 혼합물의 최적화 및 취반미 적용에 따른 기능특성 평가

    Narae Han, Mihyang Kim, Jin Yong Lee, Yu-Young Lee, Hyun-Joo Kim

    한나래, 김미향, 이진영, 이유영, 김현주

    This study optimized the composition of adzuki bean, sorghum, and Italian millet mixtures using a mixture design and evaluated their application in … + READ MORE
    This study optimized the composition of adzuki bean, sorghum, and Italian millet mixtures using a mixture design and evaluated their application in cooked rice. Sorghum (cv. Goeunchal) and Italian millet (cv. Samdachal) were selected for their phenolic characteristics, whereas adzuki bean (cv. Hongda) was included to improve extraction yield. A {3,2} simplex lattice mixture design was applied using extraction yield, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and lipase inhibitory activity as optimization responses. Numerical optimization identified an optimal formulation consisting of 43.6% adzuki bean, 19.2% sorghum, and 37.2% Italian millet. The optimized mixture was incorporated into cooked rice at a ratio of 20% (w/w). The mixture-containing cooked rice showed higher phenolic compound contents and antioxidant activities than the control cooked rice. Lipase inhibitory activity was 13.65% and 15.34% in the control and mixture-containing cooked rice, respectively. These results suggest that mixture design is an effective approach for optimizing the composition of adzuki bean, sorghum, and Italian millet and facilitating their application in cooked rice, thereby expanding the utilization of domestic grain resources. - COLLAPSE
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    1 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Seedling Emergence Responses of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. to Gibberellic Acid Pre-soaking and Seed Coat Modification

    GA3 침지 및 종피 처리에 따른 하늘타리 종자의 유묘 출현 반응

    Kyungtae Park, Young Gu Kang, Bo-Ram Choi, Yu Su Shin, Yunji Lee

    박경태, 강용구, 최보람, 신유수, 이윤지

    Rapid, uniform seedling emergence supports efficient propagation of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. This study evaluated water uptake and emergence responses to gibberellic acid … + READ MORE
    Rapid, uniform seedling emergence supports efficient propagation of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. This study evaluated water uptake and emergence responses to gibberellic acid (GA3) pre-soaking and seed coat modification. Seed viability and laboratory germination were 84% and 86.0%, respectively. Partial scarification accelerated water uptake, reaching 65.1% after 1 d compared with 29.5% in intact seeds; treatment differences were significant only during the first 2 d. GA3 pre-soaking at 100~500 ㎎·L-1 did not significantly improve emergence percentage, time to 50% of final emergence (E50), or mean emergence time (MET). At 500 ㎎·L-1, first emergence occurred earlier and the coefficient of variation of emergence time (CVt) was higher than in the non-soaked control; neither differed significantly from the water-soaked control. Seed coat modification did not significantly affect final emergence percentage but progressively shortened MET from 21.5 d in intact seeds to 17.9 d in partially scarified seeds and 15.7 d in decoated seeds. Decoated seeds emerged earliest but had significantly higher CVt. Partial scarification advanced emergence without significantly increasing CVt. These findings suggest that seed coat-associated factors contribute to emergence delay and that partial scarification is a promising treatment for accelerating emergence under the tested conditions. - COLLAPSE
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    1 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Effects of Short-Day Treatment and Pinching Time on Growth and Flowering of Elsholtzia splendens for Pot Plant Production

    단일 처리와 적심시기가 분화용 꽃향유의 생장과 개화에 미치는 영향

    Young Min Choi, Song Hee Ahn, Hee Kyung Song, Chan Ho Kang, Ju Hee Kim

    최영민, 안송희, 송희경, 강찬호, 김주희

    This study evaluated the effects of short-day treatment and pinching time on the growth and flowering of Elsholtzia splendens to establish an … + READ MORE
    This study evaluated the effects of short-day treatment and pinching time on the growth and flowering of Elsholtzia splendens to establish an efficient commercial pot-plant production system. Plants were subjected to pinching alone or combined short-day (16 h dark, 8 h photoperiod) and pinching treatments, with pinching performed from the 2- to 20-leaf stage at two-leaf intervals. Pinching alone had little effect on growth or flowering compared with the control. In contrast, the combined treatment significantly promoted flowering, reducing the time from sowing to spike emergence and flowering by 28~90 and 35~98 days, respectively. Spike emergence and flowering occurred 20.4 and 39.7 days, respectively, after the initiation of short-day treatment. The combined treatments also reduced vegetative growth, with plant height, width, stem diameter, and total branch number averaging 61.9%, 65.5%, 60.8%, and 32.5% of the control, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that spike number was positively associated with vegetative growth, whereas spike size was negatively correlated, indicating a trade-off between vegetative and reproductive growth. Lodging occurred in plants exceeding 50 ㎝ in height, 30 ㎝ in width, and more than 50 total branches but was not observed in the combined short-day and pinching treatments at the 2–12 leaf stages. Overall, short-day treatment combined with pinching at the 8~12 leaf stages provides an effective strategy for commercial pot-plant production of E. splendens, enabling rapid flowering, compact growth, and improved ornamental quality. - COLLAPSE
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    1 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Effects of Rosa rugosa Cultivation on Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Communities of Soil Collected from the Saemangeum Reclaimed Land

    해당화 식재에 의한 새만금 간척지 토양의 특성 변화 연구

    In-Kyoung Han, Jae-Ho Jung, Hae-Hyune Jung, Jin-Woo Kim, Do-Youn Kim, Dong-Hyun Ban, Hyun Myung

    한인경, 정재호, 정해현, 김진우, 김도윤, 반동현, 명현

    Plants play an important role in improving soil environments by regulating physicochemical properties and interacting with soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Such … + READ MORE
    Plants play an important role in improving soil environments by regulating physicochemical properties and interacting with soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Such interactions are particularly important in reclaimed lands where high salinity and poor soil conditions limit vegetation establishment. This study investigated the effects of planting Rosa rugosa, a salt-tolerant and medicinal shrub, on the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of reclaimed soil collected from the National Saemangeum Arboretum construction site. Soil physicochemical properties, microbial communities analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS), and total phenolic contents of R. rugosa roots were analyzed before and after cultivation. Planting R. rugosa significantly reduced soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and exchangeable sodium, indicating alleviation of saline conditions. The rhizosphere soil showed significant shifts in bacterial community composition, including increased abundance of beneficial taxa such as Pseudomonadota and Thermodesulfobacteriota, while several salt-sensitive groups decreased. Total phenolic content in roots also changed significantly following cultivation. These findings demonstrate that R. rugosa improves the physicochemical environment of reclaimed soils while promoting favorable microbial community succession. Considering its high ornamental value and medicinal potential, R. rugosa can serve as an effective landscaping species for ecological restoration and stabilization of reclaimed land ecosystems. - COLLAPSE
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    1 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Flora of Four Inhabited Islands in Jawol-myeon, Ongjin-gun, Incheon, Korea: Jawoldo, Seungbongdo, Daeijakdo, and Soijakdo

    인천광역시 옹진군 자월면 4개 유인도서의 식물상: 자월도, 승봉도, 대이작도, 소이작도

    Nuree Na, Byung Jun Park, Hyeong-Bok Cho, Jihun Lee, Seungju Jo, Beom Kyun Park

    나누리, 박병준, 조형복, 이지훈, 조승주, 박범균

    The vascular flora of four inhabited islands Jawoldo, Seungbongdo, Daeijakdo, and Soijakdo islands in Jawol-myeon, Ongjin-gun, Incheon, Korea, was surveyed over a … + READ MORE
    The vascular flora of four inhabited islands Jawoldo, Seungbongdo, Daeijakdo, and Soijakdo islands in Jawol-myeon, Ongjin-gun, Incheon, Korea, was surveyed over a total of 26 days from April to November 2025. In addition, previously collected specimens deposited in the herbarium of the Korea National Arboretum (KH) were re-examined. As a result, a total of 677 taxa were documented, comprising 120 families, 396 genera, 614 species, 15 subspecies, 42 varieties, four forms, and two hybrids. Among them, four taxa were listed as rare plants in the National Red List of Korea, including one endangered (EN) taxon, two vulnerable (VU) taxa, and one near-threatened (NT) taxon. Eight taxa were endemic to the Korean Peninsula. A total of 91 floristic target species were identified: four taxa in grade Ⅳ, 17 in grade Ⅲ, 28 in grade Ⅱ, and 42 in grade Ⅰ. Thirty-six halophyte taxa were recorded. Additionally, 153 alien plant taxa and seven ecosystem-disturbing species were identified. This study provides a checklist of vascular plants for Jawoldo, Seungbongdo, Daeijakdo, and Soijakdo islands. - COLLAPSE
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    1 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Floristic Study of Gaeyado Island in Korea

    개야도의 관속식물상

    Min-Ju Park, Jae-Kyeong Lee, Gi-Gyeong Park, Seung Jin Park, Bo-Mi Nam, Seahee Han

    박민주, 이재경, 박기경, 박승진, 남보미, 한세희

    Field surveys on the vascular flora of Gaeyado Island were carried out eight times between April and September 2024. In the study, … + READ MORE
    Field surveys on the vascular flora of Gaeyado Island were carried out eight times between April and September 2024. In the study, a total of 386 taxa were recorded, including: 85 families, 273 genera, 351 species, seven subspecies, 27 varieties, and one forma. Among them, one endangered taxon was identified, Ranunculus kadzusensis Makino during the survey. Four Korean endemic plants were investigated, including Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai and Indigofera koreana Ohwi. A total of 48 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants were recorded, including one taxon of V, four taxa of IV, seven taxa of III, 10 taxa of II, and 26 taxa of I. Alien plants were recorded a total of 79 taxa with a Naturalization Index (NI) of 18.1% and an Urbanization Index (UI) of 23.6%. Among them, three ecosystem disturbance species were recorded such as Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc., Lactuca serriola L. and Sicyos angulatus L. Compared with previous floristic records for Gaeyado Island, the present study added 305 taxa as new records for the island, comprising 72 families, 223 genera, 276 species, 7 subspecies, 21 varieties, and one forma. These results provide essential baseline data for the conservation of native plant resources on Gaeyado Island, as well as for the efficient management and sustainable use of its plant resources. - COLLAPSE
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    1 October 2026

  • Research Article

    Hops (Humulus lupulus L.): Botanical Characteristics, Cultivation, Research, and Industrial Utilization in Korea and Worldwide

    홉(Humulus lupulus L.)의 식물학적 특징과 국내외 재배, 연구 및 활용 현황

    Si-Yong Kang, So Young Yi

    강시용, 이소영

    Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is an economically important industrial crop and an essential brewing raw material contributing to the bitterness and … + READ MORE
    Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is an economically important industrial crop and an essential brewing raw material contributing to the bitterness and aroma of beer. Its utilization has expanded beyond brewing because of its diverse bioactive compounds and potential applications in green-bio industries. This review summarizes the origin, taxonomy, botanical and cultivation characteristics, global production and industrial trends, breeding and genomic research, and bioactive compounds of hop, current status, and prospects of hop production and research in Korea and in the world. Hop contains bitter acids, prenylated flavonoids, essential oils, and polyphenols with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Recent advances in genomic and transcriptomic technologies have enhanced genetic diversity analysis, molecular marker development, genomic-assisted breeding, and understanding of biosynthetic pathways. Climate change has increased the need for heat- and drought-tolerant cultivars, precision agriculture, and stable cultivation technologies. Revitalization of the Korean hop industry will require integrated approaches involving environment-adapted breeding, smart cultivation and processing, high-value utilization of bioactive compounds, and circular use of spent hops. - COLLAPSE
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    1 October 2026
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